Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) is a bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of people and animals. Most E. coli are harmless and actually are an important part of a healthy human intestinal tract. However, some E. Coli strains are pathogenic, meaning they can cause illness both inside and outside of the intestinal tract. The types of E. Coli that are pathogenic can be transmitted through contaminated water or food, or through contact with animals or persons. The effects of E. Coli on the environment has not been fully documented. It has been proven that E. Coli can affect oxygen readings, which is a key element to the survival of the James River Spinymussel.  A heightened E. Coli reading is detrimental to the health of the river, as it is a major pollutant. As a pollutant it can weaken the immune systems of various creatures in and around the water source through ingestion and later infection, leaving the river at a high risk for other additional bacteria and other parasites due to the waste cycle of the bacteria.